Research on Quality of Service Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Quality of service (QoS) based routing protocols play a significant role in MANETs to maintain proper flow of data with efficient power consumption and without data loss. However, several network resource based technical challenges or issues are encountered in the design and implementation of QoS routing protocols that perform their routing function by considering the shortest route or the lowest cost. Furthermore, a secondary route is not reserved and alternative routes are not searched unless the established route is broken. The current structures of the state-of-the-art protocols for MANETs are not appropriate for today's high bandwidth and mobility requirements. Therefore, research on new routing protocols is needed, considering energy level, coverage, location, speed, movement, and link stability instead of only shortest path and lowest cost. This paper summarizes the main characteristics of QoS-based routing protocols to facilitate researchers to design and select QoS-based routing protocols. In this study, a wide range of protocols with their characteristics were classified according to QoS routing strategy, routing information update mechanism, interaction between network and MAC layer, QoS constraints, QoS guarantee type and number of discovered routes. In addition, the protocols were compared in terms of properties, design features, challenges and QoS metrics

Dağıtık simülasyon sistemleri için yeni bir yönlendirme algoritması ve uygulaması

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Kapasitif kavramak RF plazma, elektron salınım rezonans plazma, iyon elektron dağılım fonksiyonu, mikrodalga girişimmetre. Biyomedikal, uzay, uçak, tekstil, gıda ve orman sanayi gibi pek çok alanda uygulama alanı bulan plazma sistemleri, elektronikte VLSI ve ULSI ürünlerinin gerçekleştirilmesini sağlayan yegane yöntemlerdir. Dolayısı ile bu sistemlerin temel yapısının anlaşılması ve farklı uygulama alanlarında ortaya çıkabilecek muhtemel problemlerin çözümü için, plazma ve plazma parametrelerinin kontrol edilebilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kapasitif kavramalı kapalı bir plazma düzeneğinde elektron yoğunluk dağılımının, uygulanan RF kaynakların gücü ve ortam basıncı ile olan ilişkisi incelenmiştir. İki parçadan oluşan bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, IEDF ve MDGM düzenekleri kullanarak sisteme ilişkin elektron yoğunluk tespiti yapmanın mümkün olduğu görülmüştür. Bunlardan IEDF plazma kılıfı içerisindeki iyon yoğunluğunu, MDGM ise plazma merkezinde oluşan elektron yoğunluğunu vermektedir. Bütün şartlar altında her iki yöntemin birbirini ayrı şekilde izlemesi beklenirken, yüksek RF kaynak gücü uygulamaları ile birbirlerinden uzaklaştıkları görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada elde edilen diğer önemli sonuç, sisteme ilave olarak uygulanan ikinci RF kaynak gücünün, birinci RF kaynak gücüne oram arttıkça hem merkezdeki elektron yoğunluğunun hem de elektron yüzeyine çarpan iyon sayısı ile iyon enerji seviyesinin düşmesidir. Bu sonuç, söz konusu oran ile, plazma yoğunluğu, iyon enerjisi ve elektron yoğunluğunun eksenel dağılımının kontrol edilebileceğini göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın uygulama kısmında, polimer tabanlı malzeme olan silikon sondanın, mikrodalga plazma ile sterilizasyon incelenmiştir. Çalışma, farklı mikrodalga kaynak gücü ve farklı uygulama süreleri ile azot ve argon gazlan kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulama, iki 2 adet sporlu, 2 adet sporsuz bakteri üzerinde denenmiştir. Her iki gaz ile yapılan uygulamada da mutlak sterilizasyon süresinin 1 saatten az ve geleneksel yöntemlere nazaran çok hızlı olduğu görülmüştür. Azot plazma, iyonlaşma sırasında ortaya çıkardığı radikaller nedeni ile daha başarılı sonuç vermiştir.DIAGNOSIS OF PLASMA BY MW INTERFEROMETER and PLASMA STERILISATION SUMMARY Key Words: Capacitively coupled RF plasma, electron cyclotron resonance plasma, ion electron distribution function, microwave inteRFerometer. Plasma systems allow us lots of technologies applicable to biomedical, space, food, textile and wood industry as well as VLSI/ULSI application in electronics industry. This is the main concern that physics and basics of these systems need to be understood clearly to solve possible problems to be seen in the future. Controlling plasma related parameters is a next step. Through out this study, an axial electron number density distribution of confined capacitively coupled plasma has been investigated to clarify its relation with applied power level and power ratio of primary and secondary frequency. Through the first part of this study, it is obtained that both IEDF and MWI allow us to measure electron number density. IEDF measures ions in plasma sheath, and MWI measures electron number density through bulk plasma. It is obtained that both method does not track each other in a good manner for high level of applied power, as expected. But they are in good agreement for low power levels. Second important outcome of this study is that while increasing the ratio of secondary RF source power to the primary RF power, electron number density through the bulk plasma, number of ions hitting to the surface of electrode and their energy levels are decreasing in control. This result shows that electron number density and its axial distribution in bulk plasma, and ion number of ions and their energy levels through the electrode surface can be controlled by this ratio. Sterilization of a silicone catheter that its structure is based on polymer by microwave discharge has been investigated as an application. Study has been carried out at various microwave source power and various treatment time by using nitrogen and argon gases. Application has been treated on 4 bacteria types that two of them has spores and others not. Absolute sterilization time for both gases has been obtained in less than a hour which much more shorter sterilization time than classical methods. In contrast, since nitrogen dissociates to yield nitrogen radicals, nitrogen discharge has better sterilization time. Xl

Huzurevinde yaşayan yaşlılarda sarkopeni ve mini nütrisyonel araştırma tarama testi ile malnütrisyon riskinin belirlenmesi

Yaşlanma sırasında vücutta birtakım fizyolojik değişimlerle birlikte besin alımında da değişimler görülmektedir. Besin alımı yetersizliği ileri boyutlarda olduğunda yaşlıları etkileyen önemli bir sağlık sorunu olan malnütrisyon gelişmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı huzurevinde yaşayan yaşlılarda sarkopeni ve Mini Nütrisyonel Araştırma Tarama Testi (MNA) ile malnütrisyon riskinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışma tanımlayıcı, kesitsel bir çalışma olup Gaziantep Huzurevi Yaşlı Bakım ve Rehabilitasyon Merkezi’nde yaşayan, iletişim kurulabilen ve yatağa bağımlı olmayan 58 (Erkek: 35, %60,3; Kadın: 23, %39,7) gönüllü birey üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Bireylere uygulanan soru kâğıdı ile demografik özellikleri, beslenme alışkanlıkları belirlenmiş, MNA tarama testi uygulanmış, antropometrik ölçümleri ve dinamometre ile kas gücü (el kavrama gücü) ölçümü yapılmış, yürüme hızı testi uygulanmıştır. Bireylerde ortalama (±SS) yaş 77,6±9,0 yıl, huzurevinde yaşama süresi 3,6±2,7 yıldır. Erkek ve kadın bireylerin ortalama Beden Kütle İndeksi (BKI) sırasıyla, 26,9±5,0 ve 30,9±8,0 kg/m2’dir (p=0,121, p>0,05). Tüm bireylerde zayıf, normal, fazla kilolu ve obez olma sıklığı sırasıyla, %3,4, %25,9, %39,7 ve %31,0’dır. Cinsiyet ve BKİ arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamaktadır (p=0,121, p>0,05). Bireylerin kas gücü ortalaması erkeklerde 21,2±9,2 kg, kadınlarda 11,4±3,9 kg’dır (p=0,001, p0,05). MNA puanı ortalamaları erkek ve kadınlarda sırasıyla; 21,4±5,1 ve 21,4±3,5’dir (p=0,445, p>0,05). Bu testten alınan puanlara göre bireylerin %36,2’sinin beslenme durumu normal, %48,3’ü malnütrisyon riski taşımakta ve %15,5’i malnütrisyon tanısı almaktadır. Cinsiyet ve MNA puan sınıflaması arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamaktadır (p=0,253, p>0,05). Yeterli kas gücü olan bireylerde malnütrisyon belirlenmemiştir. Kas gücü yetersizliği olan bireylerin %54,0’ünde malnütrisyon riski ve %18,0’inde malnütrisyon saptanmıştır (p=0,009, p<0,05). Kas gücü yeterli olan bireylerin %75,0’inin yürüme hızı 0,8 m/dakika ve üzerindedir (p=0,001, p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, malnütrisyon ve sarkopeni yaşlılarda görülen önemli bir sağlık sorunudur. Malnütrisyonun önlenmesi için etkin politikaların oluşturulması, uygulanması ve izlenmesi gerekmektedir. Yaşlılarda belirli aralıklarla MNA tarama testi ile malnütrisyon durumu izlenmelidir

Evaluating the Accuracy of Remote Dendrometers in Tree Diameter Measurements at Breast Height

An accurate tree diameter (DBH) measurement is a significant component of forest inventory. This study assessed the reliability of remote dendrometers to measure tree DBH. We compared direct caliper measurements (reference measurements) to the remote measurements collected from a laser caliper and a smartphone at 0.5 m, 1 m, and 1.5 m distances from each tree within three forest types (pine, oak, and poplar forests). In general, all remote dendrometers underestimated the mean diameter compared to direct caliper measurements, regardless of forest types and distances. We observed that the mean deviation of direct caliper measurement and smartphone measurement at 1.5 m within a pine forest and oak forest were the lowest (0.3 cm and 0.36 cm, respectively). The deviations between direct caliper measurements and smartphone measurements at a 0.5 m distance, across forest types, were noticeably larger compared to others. An ANOVA test was used to determine whether significant deviations existed between caliper measurements and remote measurements at a specific distance, and among three different forest types. We rejected the null hypothesis, which suggested that there were no statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between tree DBH measurements obtained from the direct caliper measurements and indirect measurements (smartphone and laser caliper) captured at a distance. Then, a post-hoc test was performed to examine which set of estimated deviations was different from the reference data. The results suggested that indirect tree DBH measurements using the smartphone app at 1 m and 1.5 m in certain forest types (pine and oak) were not significantly different from direct tree DBH measurements. Also, our test results mostly indicated no significant difference within each forest, except for measurements using the smartphone app at 0.5 m across all forest types when the smartphone measurements were compared to laser caliper measurements..

Analysis of the discontinuous PWM controlled D-STATCOM for reactive power compensation applications

U ovom se radu opisuju istraživanja diskontinuirane PWM (DPWM) kontrole Distribucijskog Statičkog Sinkroniziranog Kompenzatora (D-STATCOM). Različite su se DPWM metode uveliko koristile u pogonskom sistemu motora za kontrolu invertora i smanjenje gubitaka energije. S povećanim potrebama za energijom, energetska učinkovitost postala je pitanje od osnovne važnosti. Rezultat toga je sve češća upotreba D-STATCOM-a u distribucijskim sustavima. U ovom su radu DPWM metode primijenjene za unutarnju kontrolu D-STATCOM-a. Za vanjsku je kontrolu korištena kontrola faznog ugla te su PWM metode prilagođene tom kontrolnom algoritmu. Uz to, na D-STATCOM primijenjene su uobičajene kontinuirane PWM (CPWM) metode u svrhu komparacije. Sve su simulacije provedene u okruženju MATLAB-Simulink softvera. Gubitci snage značajno utječu na D-STATCOM te je stoga razvijen simulacijski model za izračunavanje gubitaka provođenja i prekidanja u svrhu ispitivanja učinkovitosti DPWM metoda u reduciranju gubitaka snage D-STATCOM-a. Rezultati su pokazali da je primjena raznih DPWM metoda na D-STATCOM-u prikladna za indekse visoke modulacije. To jasno pokazuje da se, u skladu s različitim DPWM metodama, može postići smanjenje gubitaka od 14 % do 50 % pri uključivanju/isključivanju D-STATCOMa. Nadalje, u ovom se radu predlažu primjene metoda CPWM i DPWM kod niskih i visokih indeksa modulacije, prema potrebama distribucijskog sustava.The scope of this paper covers the investigations of discontinuous PWM (DPWM) control of the Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM). Various DPWM methods have been widely used in motor drives for controlling the inverter and reducing power losses. With the rising demand for energy, energy efficiency has currently become an issue of vital importance. As a result, the use of the D-STATCOM in distribution systems is becoming increasingly common. In this study, DPWM methods were used for the D-STATCOM inner control. For the outer control, phase angle control was used and PWM methods were adapted to this control algorithm. In addition, conventional continuous PWM (CPWM) methods were applied to the D-STATCOM for comparison purposes. All simulations were performed in the MATLAB-Simulink software environment. Power losses have a significant impact on the D-STATCOM; therefore, a simulation model was developed to calculate the conduction and switching losses in order to investigate the effectiveness of DPWM methods in reducing the D-STATCOM power losses. Results showed that the utilization of different DPWM methods in the D-STATCOM was suitable for high modulation indexes. This clearly illustrates that, according to different DPWM methods, a reduction of from 14 % up to 50 % in D-STATCOM switching losses can be achieved. Furthermore, this study proposes the use of CPWM and DPWM methods in low and high modulation indexes, respectively, according to the requirements of the distribution system

A rare breast tumor; Adenomyoepithelioma: a case report and review of the literature

Adenomyoepithelioma is rare benign breast neoplasia characterized by the proliferation of both epithelial and myoepithelial cells of themammary lobules and ducts. This tumour, which does not have specific risk factors and radiological findings, is mostly seen in advancedages. This tumour, which occurs with the biphasic proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells, also contains normal breast lobules andducts. This tumour is very difficult to diagnose and includes many radiological and pathological pitfalls. Although malignant degenerationhas been reported in the literature, it is a rare condition. In this study, we present a rare case with radiologically suspicious findings andpathologically reported as adenomyoepithelioma

Analysis of the discontinuous PWM controlled D-STATCOM for reactive power compensation applications

U ovom se radu opisuju istraživanja diskontinuirane PWM (DPWM) kontrole Distribucijskog Statičkog Sinkroniziranog Kompenzatora (D-STATCOM). Različite su se DPWM metode uveliko koristile u pogonskom sistemu motora za kontrolu invertora i smanjenje gubitaka energije. S povećanim potrebama za energijom, energetska učinkovitost postala je pitanje od osnovne važnosti. Rezultat toga je sve češća upotreba D-STATCOM-a u distribucijskim sustavima. U ovom su radu DPWM metode primijenjene za unutarnju kontrolu D-STATCOM-a. Za vanjsku je kontrolu korištena kontrola faznog ugla te su PWM metode prilagođene tom kontrolnom algoritmu. Uz to, na D-STATCOM primijenjene su uobičajene kontinuirane PWM (CPWM) metode u svrhu komparacije. Sve su simulacije provedene u okruženju MATLAB-Simulink softvera. Gubitci snage značajno utječu na D-STATCOM te je stoga razvijen simulacijski model za izračunavanje gubitaka provođenja i prekidanja u svrhu ispitivanja učinkovitosti DPWM metoda u reduciranju gubitaka snage D-STATCOM-a. Rezultati su pokazali da je primjena raznih DPWM metoda na D-STATCOM-u prikladna za indekse visoke modulacije. To jasno pokazuje da se, u skladu s različitim DPWM metodama, može postići smanjenje gubitaka od 14 % do 50 % pri uključivanju/isključivanju D-STATCOMa. Nadalje, u ovom se radu predlažu primjene metoda CPWM i DPWM kod niskih i visokih indeksa modulacije, prema potrebama distribucijskog sustava.The scope of this paper covers the investigations of discontinuous PWM (DPWM) control of the Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM). Various DPWM methods have been widely used in motor drives for controlling the inverter and reducing power losses. With the rising demand for energy, energy efficiency has currently become an issue of vital importance. As a result, the use of the D-STATCOM in distribution systems is becoming increasingly common. In this study, DPWM methods were used for the D-STATCOM inner control. For the outer control, phase angle control was used and PWM methods were adapted to this control algorithm. In addition, conventional continuous PWM (CPWM) methods were applied to the D-STATCOM for comparison purposes. All simulations were performed in the MATLAB-Simulink software environment. Power losses have a significant impact on the D-STATCOM; therefore, a simulation model was developed to calculate the conduction and switching losses in order to investigate the effectiveness of DPWM methods in reducing the D-STATCOM power losses. Results showed that the utilization of different DPWM methods in the D-STATCOM was suitable for high modulation indexes. This clearly illustrates that, according to different DPWM methods, a reduction of from 14 % up to 50 % in D-STATCOM switching losses can be achieved. Furthermore, this study proposes the use of CPWM and DPWM methods in low and high modulation indexes, respectively, according to the requirements of the distribution system

The relationship between body-mass index and Helicobacter pylori infection: a case-control study

Objective: Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common infections worldwide. There are different opinions in the literature aboutthe relationship between H. pylori and obesity. In this study, we investigated the relationship between body-mass index (BMI) and H. pyloriinfection.Material and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who underwent endoscopic examinations at Tekirdağ NamıkKemal University Faculty of Medicine Hospital in 2019. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was examined by biopsy. The relationshipbetween BMI and H. pylori infection was analyzed.Results: 51.8% of the cases in our population were positive for H. pylori infection. On histopathological examination, acute and chronicinflammation findings were higher in H. pylori-positive cases compared to H. pylori-negative cases. The prevalence of H. pylori infectionwas higher in patients with high BMI than those with low BMI. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between BMI and theprevalence of H. pylori infection (p<0.001), and there was a positive linear correlation between these two parameters (r=0.542). When therisk factors were examined univariable, BMI was found to be a significant risk factor for H. pylori infection (p=0.008). Multivariable analysisresults revealed that BMI is an independent risk factor for H. pylori infection. (OR=1.32 (1.09-3.46), p=0.025).Conclusion: Our results showed that there is a significant relationship between BMI and H. pylori infection, and high BMI is an independentrisk factor for H. pylori infection

Indeks biljne raznolikosti u sastojini trojanske jele u Aladağ regiji Bolu

640 samples in quadrates of 0.5 x 0.5 m obtained by systematic sampling method were evaluated. Samplings were made in two repetitions in GA (old), GB (young), GC (medium-aged), and GD (irregular) stand types, on north and south aspects. Field studies were carried out in 4 different periods (June, July, August, September) within the vegetation period. 122 plant taxa were determined at the level of species and intraspecific taxa. While 48 of the 122 plant taxa in fir stands were seen only in one of the stands, 41 plant taxa were detected in all stands. 5 taxa were seen only in GA stands, 7 in GB, 15 in GC and 13 only in GD stands, while 8 taxa could not be identified due to the insufficient vegetative and generative organs of the collected samples. The richest stand type in terms of taxa number was determined as the GC stand type with 84 plant taxa, but more individuals per ha were counted in the GA and GD stand types.Procijenjeno je 640 uzoraka 0,5x0,5 m dobivenih metodom sustavnog uzorkovanja. Uzorkovanje je obavljeno u dva ponavljanja u GA (staroj), GB (mladoj), GC (srednjedobnoj), GD (nepravilnoj) sastojini, na sjevernim i južnim izloženostima. Terenska istraživanja provedena su tijekom 4 različita razdoblja (lipanj, srpanj, kolovoz, rujan) unutar vegetacijskog razdoblja. Određene su 122 biljne svojte na razini vrsta i infraspecifičnih svojti. U samo jednoj sastojini jele zabilježeno je 48 biljnih svojti, 41 svojta zabilježena je u svim sastojinama. 5 svojti biljaka viđeno je samo u GA sastojinama, 7 u GB, 15 u GC i 13 samo u GD sastojinama. Najbogatiji tip sastojine po broju svojti utvrđen je kao GC tip sastojine sa 84 biljne svojte, ali je više jedinki po ha izbrojano u GA i GD sastojinama

A secured privacy-preserving multi-level blockchain framework for cluster based VANET

© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Existing research shows that Cluster-based Medium Access Control (CB-MAC) protocols perform well in controlling and managing Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), but requires ensuring improved security and privacy preserving authentication mechanism. To this end, we propose a multi-level blockchain-based privacy-preserving authentication protocol. The paper thoroughly explains the formation of the authentication centers, vehicles registration, and key generation processes. In the proposed architecture, a global authentication center (GAC) is responsible for storing all vehicle information, while Local Authentication Center (LAC) maintains a blockchain to enable quick handover between internal clusters of vehicle. We also propose a modified control packet format of IEEE 802.11 standards to remove the shortcomings of the traditional MAC protocols. Moreover, cluster formation, membership and cluster-head selection, and merging and leaving processes are implemented while considering the safety and non-safety message transmission to increase the performance. All blockchain communication is performed using high speed 5G internet while encrypted information is transmitted while using the RSA-1024 digital signature algorithm for improved security, integrity, and confidentiality. Our proof-of-concept implements the authentication schema while considering multiple virtual machines. With detailed experiments, we show that the proposed method is more efficient in terms of time and storage when compared to the existing methods. Besides, numerical analysis shows that the proposed transmission protocols outperform traditional MAC and benchmark methods in terms of throughput, delay, and packet dropping rate